Tohno et al., Mol Immunol 2008
:
Furthermore, Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) and NOD2 ligands as well as immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) enhanced the expression of NOD2 in gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in adult and newborn swine
Ospelt et al., Arthritis Rheum 2009
(Arthritis, Rheumatoid) :
After up-regulation of NOD-2 by TLR ligands, its ligand muramyl dipeptide ( MDP ) increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 via p38 and NF-kappaB