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Gao et al., Diabetes 1999 : Leucine or the nonmetabolized leucine analog +/- 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid ( BCH ) ( both at 10 mmol/l ) induced biphasic insulin secretion in the presence of 2 mmol/l glutamine ( Q2 ) in cultured mouse islets pretreated for 40 min without glucose but with Q2 present
Kralik et al., Endocrinology 2002 : In contrast to the specific C2-ceramide induced attenuation of insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation, overexpression of glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and/or pretreatment of cells with glucosamine, a precursor of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, inhibited both insulin- and hyperosmolarity stimulated GLUT4 translocation
Tanizawa et al., Diabetes 2002 (Hyperinsulinism...) : Although glutamine alone did not stimulate insulin secretion from control MIN6-lacZ, it remarkably stimulated insulin secretion from MIN6-GDH266C ... Unregulated elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity induces glutamine stimulated insulin secretion : identification and characterization of a GLUD1 gene mutation and insulin secretion studies with MIN6 cells overexpressing the mutant glutamate dehydrogenase
Schneid et al., Metabolism 2003 : To assess the involvement of the synthesis of nitric oxide and glutamine in OKG induced insulin secretion, the experiments were repeated in the presence of inhibitors of these 2 pathways, respectively L-nitroarginine-methylester ( L-NAME ) and methionine sulfoximine ( MSO )
Carobbio et al., Diabetologia 2004 : In islets overexpressing GDH glutamine alone stimulated insulin secretion ( 2.7-fold ), which was potentiated 2.2-fold by adding BCH
Li et al., J Biol Chem 2004 : A signaling role of glutamine in insulin secretion ... We hypothesize that glutamine plays a critical role as a signaling molecule in amino acid- and glucose stimulated insulin secretion, and that beta-cell depolarization and subsequent intracellular calcium elevation are required for this glutamine effect to occur
Meyer et al., Metabolism 2004 (Hyperinsulinism...) : Therefore, if proteolysis were a major factor determining amino acid fluxes in plasma, one would expect release of glutamine into plasma to be suppressed by insulin under euglycemic conditions and to be stimulated under hypoglycemic conditions
Li et al., J Biol Chem 2006 (Calcium Signaling...) : H454Y GDH transgenic islets were more sensitive to leucine- and glutamine stimulated insulin secretion but had decreased response to glucose stimulation
Häussinger et al., Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 2007 : Recent progress concerns the understanding of glutamine induced hepatocyte swelling and the downstream activation of integrins, Src, and MAP-kinases in the regulation of autophagic proteolysis, canalicular bile acid excretion, glycogen and fatty acid synthesis, insulin signaling, and protection from apoptosis
Fallon et al., Metabolism 2008 : Inhibitors of alpha-ketoglutarate hydroxylases lowered glucose induced and leucine-plus-glutamine induced insulin release in rat pancreatic islets, suggesting that there may be acute unknown effects of alpha-ketoglutarate hydroxylases in insulin secretion
Hasan et al., J Biol Chem 2008 (Insulinoma) : Insulin release in response to pyruvate alone, 2-aminobicyclo [ 2,2,1 ] heptane-2-carboxylic acid ( BCH ) plus glutamine , or methyl succinate plus beta-hydroxybutyrate was also decreased in the PC knockdown cells
Gammelsaeter et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009 : The cell-specific expression of these transporters together with their functional characteristics suggest an important role for glutamine in the regulation of insulin secretion
Liu et al., Rev Diabet Stud 2008 : At 16.7 mmol/l ( mM ) glucose, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-alanine, L-proline, L-leucine, and L-glutamine potentiated glucose stimulated insulin secretion dose-dependently, while DL-homocysteine inhibited insulin secretion ... L-glutamine and L-leucine only increased glucose stimulated ( 16.7 mM ) insulin secretion ( INS-1E cells : 1.5 and 1.3 fold, respectively ) at an AA concentration of 20 mM ... L-arginine, L-lysine, L-alanine, L-proline, L-leucine and L-glutamine acutely stimulate insulin secretion from mouse islets and INS-1E cells in a dose- and glucose dependent manner, whereas DL-homocysteine inhibits insulin release
Brown et al., J Biol Chem 2009 (Insulinoma) : Contrary to published short term ME1 knockdown experiments, our long term targeted cells showed normal insulin secretion in response to glucose or to glutamine plus 2-aminobicyclo [ 2,2,1 ] heptane-2-carboxylic acid
Hasan et al., Arch Biochem Biophys 2012 (Insulinoma) : Cell lines with lowered Sphk1 mRNA expression and SphK1 enzyme activity ( SK11 and SK14 ) exhibited lowered glucose- and 2-aminobicyclo [ 2,2,1 ] heptane-2-carboxylic acid ( BCH ) plus glutamine stimulated insulin release and low insulin content associated with decreases in the mRNA of the insulin 1 gene
Letellier et al., Clin Nutr 2013 : Acute glutamine transiently stimulates insulin secretion in DMD boys, which could be mediated by plasma glutamine concentrations
Chang et al., Diabetes Care 2013 : Effects of intraduodenal glutamine on incretin hormone and insulin release, the glycemic response to an intraduodenal glucose infusion, and antropyloroduodenal motility in health and type 2 diabetes ... RESULTS ID glutamine stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ; healthy : P < 0.05 ; T2DM : P < 0.05 ), glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ; P = 0.098 ; P < 0.05 ), glucagon ( P < 0.01 ; P < 0.001 ), insulin ( P = 0.05 ; P < 0.01 ), and phasic pyloric pressures ( P < 0.05 ; P < 0.05 ), but did not lower blood glucose ( P = 0.077 ; P = 0.5 )
Abdul-Ghani et al., Int J Neurosci 1989 (Seizures) : Insulin induced changes in glutamine , glutamate and their related enzymes could not be attributed to convulsion since a similar pattern of changes was observed in the preconvulsive and postconvulsive stages, and no changes were detected following picrotoxin induced seizures
MacDonald et al., Arch Biochem Biophys 1989 : However, dimethyl fumarate potentiated both leucine- and leucine-plus-glutamine induced insulin release
Rideau et al., Am J Physiol 1989 : The response to 20 mM L-leucine was further increased when 14 mM glucose was combined with 10 mM L-glutamine ( 10 mM glutamine alone did not induce insulin release and did not potentiate the response to 10 mM L-leucine )
Fahien et al., J Biol Chem 1988 : Alanine enhances and malate inhibits leucine plus glutamine induced insulin release ... For example, glutamine enhances insulin release and islet glutamate dehydrogenase activity only in the presence of leucine
Karasawa et al., Comp Biochem Physiol B 1986 : This experiment was conducted to examine effects of insulin on glutamine accumulation in blood and uric acid production in the chicken infused with glutamine
Hedeskov et al., Biochem J 1987 : The insulin secretagogue leucine ( 10 mM ) stimulated insulin secretion, but lowered the cytosolic free [ NADPH ] / [ NADP+ ] ratio ; 10 mM-leucine + 10 mM-glutamine stimulated insulin release and significantly enhanced both the [ NADPH ] / [ NADP+ ] ratio and the [ NADH ] / [ NAD+ ] ratio
Sener et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981 : The capacity of seven distinct amino acids to activate glutamate dehydrogenase tightly correlated with their ability to augment 14CO2 output from islets prelabeled with [ U-14C ] -glutamine and to stimulate insulin release in the presence of L-glutamine
Sener et al., Horm Metab Res 1982 : Although leucine and BCH stimulate insulin release to the same extent in the presence of glutamine , the rate of secretion is higher in leucine stimulated than in BCH stimulated islets when 2-ketoisocaproate is present in the incubation medium alone or together with glutamine
Tischler et al., Am J Physiol 1984 : In the presence of glucose and insulin , leucine, alanine, glutamine , glutamate, and aspartate lowered protein degradation to varying degrees but did not alter protein synthesis
Knudsen et al., Am J Physiol 1983 (Insulinoma...) : In the presence of 10 mmol/liter L-glutamine , 1 mmol/liter L-leucine OMe induced a 50- to 75-fold increase in insulin release
Tamagawa et al., Diabetes 1983 : In incubated islets, the stimulation of insulin release by glyceraldehyde was barely inhibited when Cl- was substituted by isethionate and the marked decrease of the effect of glucose could be prevented by glutamine
Somers et al., Metabolism 1982 : In the absence of another exogenous nutrient, L-glutamine does not stimulate insulin release from rat pancreatic islets or isolated perfused pancreases ... L-glutamine , however, augments insulin release evoked by L-leucine ... Under suitable experimental conditions, as little as 0.5 mM L-glutamine is sufficient to enhance leucine stimulated insulin release
Garber et al., J Biol Chem 1980 (Muscular Dystrophy, Animal) : Although insulin stimulation of glucose uptake was markedly blunted in dystrophic muscle, insulin inhibited alanine and glutamine release equally from both control and dystrophic muscle
Weiss et al., In Vitro 1980 : Chemically defined media SFRE-199-1 for the growth and SFRE-199-2 for the maintenance of primary baboon kidney ( Bak ) cell cultures were formulated by supplementing medium M199 with insulin , sodium pyruvate, zinc sulfate, and increasing arginine-HCl, cysteine, cystine, L-glutamine , L-glutamatic acid, glycine, histidine, tyrosine, and glucose to maximally active nontoxic concentrations
Sener et al., Mol Cell Biochem 1980 : Stimulation of insulin release by L-glutamine
Malaisse et al., Acta Biol Med Ger 1981 : L-glutamine dramatically enhances insulin release evoked by those amino acids which cause allosteric activation of the latter enzyme, e.g. L-leucine or b ( - ) BCH
Sener et al., Diabetologia 1981 : L-glutamine dramatically augments insulin release evoked by L-leucine
Malaisse et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1981 : The rate of transamination did not correlate positively with the capacity of each 2-keto acid to stimulate insulin release in the presence of L-glutamine
Malaisse-Lagae et al., J Biol Chem 1982 : The stimulation of insulin release by the association of L-glutamine and BCH was commensurate with the estimated increase in O2 consumption and coincided with an increase in the islet NADPH/NADP+ ratio, net uptake of 45Ca, and cyclic AMP concentration
Brown et al., Peptides 1981 : GIP was also shown to potentiate insulin release initiated by D-glyceraldehyde, L-leucine/L-glutamine and 2-keto-isocaproic acid
Eizirik et al., Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995 : The cytokine did not increase insulin release in the presence of 1.7 mM glucose, but both in the presence of 5.6 or 16.7 mM glucose, or 10 mM leucine + 2 mM glutamine , it induced a 60-100 % increase in insulin release
Conget et al., Diabete Metab 1994 : Insulin response to glucose, glucose+forskolin and leucine+glutamine was evaluated in freshly isolated and cultured islets
Ballard et al., Nutrition 1996 (Hyperlipidemias) : However, addition of L-glutamine to the high-dose lipid infusion with chow feeding prevented changes in plasma glucose, insulin levels, and FFA but not triglyceride levels ... Also, glutamine but not alanine supplementation in intralipid infused rats without chow feeding prevented changes in plasma glucose, insulin , and malondialdehyde levels